La tecnología Blockchain aplicada al Marketing Digital

La tecnología Blockchain podría ser la próxima revolución digital, tal y como sucediócon Internet. Tiene un gran potencial y por ello son múltiples empresas las que estánempezando a incorporar esta tecnología. No solo está relacionado con las criptomonedas,gracias a esta tecnología podemos dar valor a nuestra marca. Actualmente, la confianzade los consumidores online puede suponer un problema, el cual podría ser solucionadogracias a la Blockchain.Es una tecnología en la que faltan muchos campos de uso por descubrir, por ello esto nosha motivado a aplicarlo al marketing digital y descubrir los futuros usos que puedebrindar.La Blockchain tiene mucho potencial, y puede aportar soluciones reales al marketing. Porello, vamos a realizar dos propuestas, en una de ellas se propone el uso de la Blockchainen campañas online, eliminando el fraude y ofreciendo transparencia de datos de losusuarios y, por otro lado, se propone eliminar el problema de confianza que tienen losusuarios en la compra online utilizando la Blockchain<br /

Disparate effects of global-change drivers on mountain conifer forests: warming-induced growth enhancement in young trees vs. CO2 fertilization in old trees from wet sites

Theory predicts that the postindustrial rise in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere (ca ) should enhance tree growth either through a direct fertilization effect or indirectly by improving water use efficiency in dry areas. However, this hypothesis has received little support in cold-limited and subalpine forests where positive growth responses to either rising ca or warmer temperatures are still under debate. In this study, we address this issue by analyzing an extensive dendrochronological network of high-elevation Pinus uncinata forests in Spain (28 sites, 544 trees) encompassing the whole biogeographical extent of the species. We determine if the basal area increment (BAI) trends are linked to climate warming and increased ca by focusing on region- and age-dependent responses. The largest improvement in BAI over the past six centuries occurred during the last 150 years affecting young trees and being driven by recent warming. Indeed, most studied regions and age classes presented BAI patterns mainly controlled by temperature trends, while growing-season precipitation was only relevant in the driest sites. Growth enhancement was linked to rising ca in mature (151-300 year-old trees) and old-mature trees (301-450 year-old trees) from the wettest sites only. This finding implies that any potential fertilization effect of elevated ca on forest growth is contingent on tree features that vary with ontogeny and it depends on site conditions (for instance water availability). Furthermore, we found widespread growth decline in drought-prone sites probably indicating that the rise in ca did not compensate for the reduction in water availability. Thus, warming-triggered drought stress may become a more important direct driver of growth than rising ca in similar subalpine forests. We argue that broad approaches in biogeographical and temporal terms are required to adequately evaluate any effect of rising ca on forest growth

Mitigating Electromagnetic Noise When Using Low-Cost Devices in Industry 4.0

[EN] Transitioning toward Industry 4.0 requires major investment in devices and mechanisms enabling interconnectivity between people, machines, and processes. In this article, we present a low-cost system based on the Raspberry Pi platform to measure the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) in real time, and we propose two filtering mechanisms for electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) to measure OEE accurately. The first EMI filtering mechanism is the database filter (DBF), which has been designed to record sealing signals accurately. The DBF works on the database by filtering erroneous signals that have been inserted in it. The second mechanism is the smart coded filter (SCF), which is used to filter erroneous signals associated with machine availability measurements. We have validated our proposal in several production lines in a food industry. The results show that our system works properly, and that it considerably reduces implementation costs compared with proprietary systems offering similar functions. After implementing the proposed system in actual industrial settings, the results show a mean error (ME) of -0.43% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.85 in the sealing signals, and an error of 0% in the availability signal, thus enabling an accurate estimate of OEE.This work was supported in part by the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund "Construyendo Europa desde Aragon" under Grant T40_20D Research Group, and in part by the "Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, Programa Estatal de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, Proyectos I+D+I 2018," Spain, under Grant RTI2018-096384-B-I00.Herrero, ÁC.; Sangüesa, JA.; Martínez, FJ.; Garrido, P.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM. (2021). Mitigating Electromagnetic Noise When Using Low-Cost Devices in Industry 4.0. IEEE Access. 9:63267-63282. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3074588S6326763282

Mejora del proceso de carga en vehículos eléctricos

El sector del transporte es uno de los mayores consumidores de energía, que en la práctica totalidad proviene de la combustión de los derivados del petróleo, con la consiguiente emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Esto está provocando que en las ciudades aumenten los niveles de contaminación, llegando a ser en muchos casos altamente nocivos para la salud, y obligando a que las autoridades tengan que tomar medidas restrictivas, controlando el tráfico de vehículos de combustión en el centro de las ciudades, o incluso llegándolo a prohibir. Como solución a este problema nace un concepto, la electromovilidad, o la capacidad de utilizar medios de transporte que usan tecnologías basadas en la electricidad, siendo el vehículo eléctrico su mayor referente. Las ventas de este tipo de vehículos están aumentando año tras año, ya que están comenzando a representar una opción atractiva para muchos conductores. La combinación de Vehículos Eléctricos, con las tecnologías de la información (TIC) y el Internet de las cosas (IoT) será de gran importancia en las Smart Cities. Un objetivo de este tipo de ciudades será el uso eficiente de la energía, ya que satisfacer la gran demanda eléctrica en la red de transporte eléctrico que puede provocar estos vehículos es un reto al que nos tendremos que enfrentar.En el presente trabajo, hemos propuesto una arquitectura que facilita la recarga ordenada de los vehículos y la estimación de la energía necesaria con cierta antelación. Hemos implementado un simulador de recarga de vehículos eléctricos, que permite simular un gran número de vehículos, teniendo en cuenta tanto las características específicas de los mismos, como las tarifas reales de la electricidad en España. Además, se han propuesto nuevos métodos de recarga, con el propósito de maximizar el nivel de carga, reduciendo al máximo el coste de las recargas, basándonos en una solución descentralizada <br /

MUSCOP: Mission-Based UAV Swarm Coordination Protocol

[EN] Nowadays, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become the preferred, and sometimes the only support tool when facing critical scenarios such as earthquakes, search and rescue missions, and border surveillance. In these scenarios, deploying a UAV swarm instead of a single UAV can provide additional benefits when, for example, cargo carrying requirements exceed the lifting power of a single UAV, or when the deployment of several UAVs simultaneously can accelerate the accomplishment of the mission, and broaden the covered area. To this aim, in this paper we present MUSCOP, a protocol that allows multiple UAVs to perfectly coordinate their flight when performing planned missions. Experimental results show that the proposed protocol is able to achieve a high degree of swarm cohesion independently of the swarm formation adopted, and even in the presence of very lossy channels, achieving minimal synchronization delays and very low position offsets with regard to the ideal case.This work was supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, Programa Estatal de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, Proyectos I+D+I 2018, Spain, under Grant RTI2018-096384-B-I00, and in part by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) for the training of Ph.D. researchers under Grant FPI-2017-S1.Fabra Collado, FJ.; Zamora, W.; Reyes, P.; Sangüesa, JA.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Cano, J.; Manzoni, P. (2020). MUSCOP: Mission-Based UAV Swarm Coordination Protocol. IEEE Access. 8:72498-72511. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2987983S7249872511

V2X-d: a Vehicular Density Estimation System that combines V2V and V2I Communications

© 2013 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Road traffic is experiencing a drastic increase, and vehicular traffic congestion is becoming a major problem, especially in metropolitan environments throughout the world. Additionally, in modern Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) communications, the high amount of information that can be generated and processed by vehicles will significantly increase message redundancy, channel contention, and message collisions, thus reducing the efficiency of message dissemination processes. In this work, we present a V2X architecture to estimate traffic density on the road that relies on the advantages of combining V2V and V2I communications. Our proposal uses both the number of beacons received per vehicle (V2V) and per RSU (V2I), as well as the roadmap topology features to estimate the vehicle density. By using our approach, modern Intelligent Transportation Systems will be able to reduce traffic congestion and also to adopt more efficient message dissemination protocols.This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, by the Fundación Universitaria Antonio Gargallo and the Obra Social de Ibercaja, under Grant 2013/B010, as well as the Government of Aragón and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group).Barrachina Villalba, J.; Sangüesa, JA.; Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.... (2013). V2X-d: a Vehicular Density Estimation System that combines V2V and V2I Communications. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/WD.2013.6686518

What drives growth of Scots pine in continental Mediterranean climates: drought, low temperatures or both?

Scots pine forests subjected to continental Mediterranean climates undergo cold winter temperatures and drought stress. Recent climatic trends towards warmer and drier conditions across the Mediterranean Basin might render some of these pine populations more vulnerable to drought-induced growth decline at the Southernmost limit of the species distribution. We investigated how cold winters and dry growing seasons drive the radial growth of Scots pine subject to continental Mediterranean climates by relating growth to climate variables at local (elevational gradient) and regional (latitudinal gradient) scales. Local climate-growth relationships were quantified on different time scales (5-, 10- and 15-days) to evaluate the relative role of elevation and specific site characteristics. A negative water balance driven by high maximum temperatures in June (low-elevation sites) and July (high-elevation sites) was the major constraint on growth, particularly on a 5- to 10-day time scale. Warm nocturnal conditions in January were associated with wider rings at the high-elevation sites. At the regional scale, Scots pine growth mainly responded positively to July precipitation, with a stronger association at lower elevations and higher latitudes. January minimum temperatures showed similar patterns but played a secondary role as a driver of tree growth. The balance between positive and negative effects of summer precipitation and winter temperature on radial growth depends on elevation and latitude, with low-elevation populations being more prone to suffer drought and heat stress; whereas, high-elevation populations may be favoured by warmer winter conditions. This negative impact of summer heat and drought has increased during the past decades. This interaction between climate and site conditions and local adaptations is therefore decisive for the future performance and persistence of Scots pine populations in continental Mediterranean climates. Forecasting changes in the Scots pine range due to climate change should include this site-related information to obtain more realistic predictions, particularly in Mediterranean rear-edge areas

Drought Sensitiveness on Forest Growth in Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands

Drought is one of the key natural hazards impacting net primary production and tree growth in forest ecosystems. Nonetheless, tree species show different responses to drought events, which make it difficult to adopt fixed tools for monitoring drought impacts under contrasting environmental and climatic conditions. In this study, we assess the response of forest growth and a satellite proxy of the net primary production (NPP) to drought in peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands, a region characterized by complex climatological, topographical, and environmental characteristics. Herein, we employed three different indicators based on in situ measurements and satellite image-derived vegetation information (i.e., tree-ring width, maximum annual greenness, and an indicator of NPP). We used seven different climate drought indices to assess drought impacts on the tree variables analyzed. The selected drought indices include four versions of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI, Palmer Hydrological Drought Index (PHDI), Z-index, and Palmer Modified Drought Index (PMDI)) and three multi-scalar indices (Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Standardized Precipitation Drought Index (SPDI)). Our results suggest that—irrespective of drought index and tree species—tree-ring width shows a stronger response to interannual variability of drought, compared to the greenness and the NPP. In comparison to other drought indices (e.g., PDSI), and our results demonstrate that multi-scalar drought indices (e.g., SPI, SPEI) are more advantageous in monitoring drought impacts on tree-ring growth, maximum greenness, and NPP. This finding suggests that multi-scalar indices are more appropriate for monitoring and modelling forest drought in peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands

Plasticity in dendroclimatic response across the distribution range of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)

We investigated the variability of the climate-growth relationship of Aleppo pine across its distribution range in the Mediterranean Basin. We constructed a network of tree-ring index chronologies from 63 sites across the region. Correlation function analysis identified the relationships of tree-ring index to climate factors for each site. We also estimated the dominant climatic gradients of the region using principal component analysis of monthly, seasonal, and annual mean temperature and total precipitation from 1,068 climatic gridpoints. Variation in ring width index was primarily related to precipitation and secondarily to temperature. However, we found that the dendroclimatic relationship depended on the position of the site along the climatic gradient. In the southern part of the distribution range, where temperature was generally higher and precipitation lower than the regional average, reduced growth was also associated with warm and dry conditions. In the northern part, where the average temperature was lower and the precipitation more abundant than the regional average, reduced growth was associated with cool conditions. Thus, our study highlights the substantial plasticity of Aleppo pine in response to different climatic conditions. These results do not resolve the source of response variability as being due to either genetic variation in provenance, to phenotypic plasticity, or a combination of factors. However, as current growth responses to inter-annual climate variability vary spatially across existing climate gradients, future climate-growth relationships will also likely be determined by differential adaptation and/or acclimation responses to spatial climatic variation. The contribution of local adaptation and/or phenotypic plasticity across populations to the persistence of species under global warming could be decisive for prediction of climate change impacts across populations. In this sense, a more complex forest dynamics modeling approach that includes the contribution of genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity can improve the reliability of the ecological inferences derived from the climate-growth relationships.This work was partially supported by Spanish Ministry of Education and Science co-funded by FEDER program (CGL2012-31668), the European Union and the National Ministry of Education and Religion of Greece (EPEAEK- Environment – Archimedes), the Slovenian Research Agency (program P4-0015), and the USDA Forest Service. The cooperation among international partners was supported by the COST Action FP1106, STREeSS